Los universales humanos, según Donald Brown

Preguntas para discusión: ¿son realmente universales estos rasgos?, ¿falta agregar algo más?, ¿qué significado ontológico tienen, suponiendo que no existe grupo humano que nos los posea y los desarrolle en alguna medida? ¿En qué estructuras biológicas se basan y en qué condiciones ambientales y culturales se desarrollan individualmente?
Con base en la agrupación en orden evolutivo que propone Jorn Barger propongo esta clasificación preliminar:

Temporalidad
cyclicity of time, memory, anticipation, habituation, daily routines, past/present/future distinction, planning, planning for future, attempts to predict future.

Espacialidad
environment adjustments, mental maps, territoriality, conflict, giving directions.

Sexualidad
sexual attraction, sexual attractiveness, sexual regulation includes incest prevention, incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed, prevention or avoidance of incest, sexual jealousy, sexual modesty, copulation normally conducted in privacy, sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary, sex statuses, sexual regulation, sexuality as focus of interest.

Diferencias entre los sexos
females do more direct childcare, sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior, males dominate public/political realm, males engage in more coalitional violence, males more aggressive, males more prone to lethal violence, males more prone to theft, males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime, Oedipus complex, husband older than wife on average

Identidad individual y social
intention, self-control, self distinguished from other, collective identity, self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous, self as subject and object, preference for own children and close kin (nepotism), weaning, biological mother and social mother normally the same person, actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control, self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think), manipulation of self-image, manipulate social relations, wanted to be positive self image, self is responsible, psychological defense mechanisms, in-group distinguished from out-group(s), in-group biases in favor of, interpolation, age grades, age statuses, age terms, male and female and adult and child seen as having different natures, group living, kin close distinguished from distant kin groups, kinship statuses, possessive intimate, possessive loose, role and personality seen in dynamic interrelationship (ie, departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality), triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people), private inner life.


Educación y formación de habilidades
pretend play, playtoys, playthings, play to perfect skills, practice to improve skills, hygienic care, critical learning periods

Afectividad (emociones y sentimientos)
childhood fears, childhood fear of loud noises, childhood fear of strangers, fears, fear of death, ability to overcome some fears, risk-taking, pain, likes and dislikes, wariness around snakes, food preferences, sweets preferred, ambivalence, mourning, affection expressed and felt, gestures, empathy, attachment, shame, turn-taking, coyness display, crying, negative reciprocity (revenge, retaliation), senses unified.

Simbolización
tabooed foods, dreams, symbolism, imagery, jokes, rituals, death rituals, divination, dream interpretation, explanation, belief in supernatural/religion, false beliefs, beliefs about death, beliefs about disease, beliefs about fortune and misfortune.

Relaciones políticas
social structure, dominance/submission, leaders, cooperation, coalitions, collective identities, conflict, means of dealing with conflict, mediation of conflict, decision making collective, government, groups that are not based on family, institutions (organized co-activities), law (rights and obligations), law (rules of membership), oligarchy (de facto), inheritance rules, sanctions, sanctions for crimes against the collectivity, sanctions include removal from the social unit.

Moralidad
murder proscribed, good and bad distinguished, distinguishing right and wrong, judging others, concept of fairness (equity), disapproval of stinginess, envy, symbolic means of coping with envy, etiquette, insulting, interpreting behavior, redress of wrongs, resistance to abuse of power, rape, rape proscribed, pride, taboos, differential valuations, hope, hospitality, moral sentiments, limited effective range of moral sentiments, normal distinguished from abnormal states, customary greetings, generosity admired, some forms of proscribed violence.

Relaciones sociales
family (or household), childbirth customs, childcare, mother normally has consort during child-rearing years, children's baby talk, statuses on other than sex, age, or kinship bases, rites of passage, cultural variability, dispersed groups, food sharing, visiting, sickness and death seen as related, healing the sick (or attempting to), medicine, sucking wounds, diurnality, thumb sucking, tickling, ethnocentrism, feasting, mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances, marriage, meal times, separate kin terms for father and mother, body adornment, hairstyles, gift giving, socialization, socialization expected from senior kin, socialization includes toilet training, statuses and roles, statuses, ascribed and achieved statuses distinguished from individuals, succession.

Técnicas y artes
tools, tool dependency, tool making, tools patterned culturally, permament tools, tools for pounding, tools to make tools, weapons, magic, magic to increase life, magic to sustain life, magic to win love, weather control (attempts to), measuring, cooking, music, music related in part to dance, music related in part to religious activity, music seen as art (a creation), vocal music, musical redundancy, musical repetition, musical variation, melody, rhythm, dance, aesthetics, shelter, nonbodily decorative art, use of fire, spear, tools for cutting, containers, tying material (ie, something like string), intertwining (eg, weaving), aesthetics,

Cognición
numerals (counting), choice making (choosing alternatives) , making comparisons, entification (treating patterns and relations as things), binary cognitive distinctions, Antropomorphization, interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them), logical notions, logical notion of 'and', logical notion of 'equivalent, 'logical notion of 'general/particular', logical notion of 'not', logical notion of 'opposite', logical notion of 'part/whole', logical notion of 'same', taxonomy, true and false distinguished, recognition of individuals by face, culture/nature distinction, right-handedness as population norm, classification, classification of age, classification of behavioral propensities, classification of body parts, classification of fauna, classification of flora, classification of inner states, classification of kin, classification of space, classification of tools, classification of weather conditions, nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification), classification of sex, classification of colors, mentalese, conjectural reasoning, continua (ordering as cognitive pattern), corporate (perpetual) statuses, world view.

Relaciones económico-productivas
economic inequalities, consciousness of economic inequalities, property, materialism, prestige inequalities, trade, cooperative labor, division of labor, division of labor by age, reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services), division of labor by sex

Lenguaje
onomatopoeia, phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number, minimum two numbers (singular and plural), minimum three persons in pronouns, one (numeral), two (numeral), black (color term), white (color term), abstraction in speech & thought, discrepancies between speech, thought, and action, figurative speech, vocal music, includes speech forms, special speech for special occasions, stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds), symbolic speech, antonyms, consultation to deal with conflict, contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language), units of time, verbs, vocalic/non vocalic contrasts in phonemes, vowel contrasts, gossip, grammar, language employed to manipulate others, language employed to misinform or mislead, language is translatable, language not a simple reflection of reality, prestige from proficient use of language, linguistic redundancy, marking at phonemic, syntactic and lexical levels, most units of meaning are non-universal, metaphor, metonym, morphemes, myths, narrative, nouns, overestimating objectivity of thought, concept of person, personal names, phonemes, phonemes defined by set of minimally constrasting features, merging of phonemes, inevitability of phonemic change, rules of phonemic change, phonemic system, poetry/rhetoric, poetic line, uniform length range, poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation, poetic lines demarcated by pauses, polysemy (one word has several meanings), concept of precedence (that's how the leopard got its spots), face (word for), , hand (word for), promise, proper names, sayings proverbs, proverbs sayings - in mutually contradictory forms, semantics, semantic category of affecting things and people, semantic category of dimension, semantic category of giving, semantic category of location, semantic category of motion, semantic category of other physical properties, semantic components, generation of semantic components, sememes (commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer), synesthetic metaphors, synonyms, tabooed utterances, insulting, jokes, kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation.

Lenguaje no verbal
facial communication, facial expression of anger, facial expression of contempt, facial expression of disgust, facial expression of fear, facial expression of happiness, facial expression of surprise, facial expressions, masking/modifying of.